Glaciation

Definitions:
Abrasion - A glacial erosion process. When blocks of rock debris are trapped on the underside of a glacier and then, as the glacier moves, this has a sand paper effectwearing away the base and sides of the valley.
Arete - a knife edge ridge that separates two corries e.g. Striding Edge
Corrie - an arm chair shaped depression formed on the side of a mountain e.g. Red Tarn
Frost shattering - a weathering process. Water gets into cracks in the rock. When the tempreature drops beloow zero, the water freezes and expands exerting pressure on the sides of the crack. Eventually the crack is widened and the rock disintegrates.
Glacial trough - U - shaped valley which has been widened and deepened by a valley glacier e.g. Patterdale
Glacier - a mass of moving ice
Plucking - A glacial erosion process. Water enters cracks in the rock and freezes so that it is attached to both the rock and the glacier. When the glacier moves, the block of rock is pulled out of the ground.
Ribbon Lake - a long thin, deep lake on the floor of a glacial trough e.g. Thirlmere

mnemonics

You've recently been doing this in learning to learn. I came across these ideas today:
Rural to urban migration
Think PUSHED for Push factors
P - pressure on land so many have to leave
U - unemployment in the countryside
S - sanitation - poor or non-existent in rural areas. Often no running water or clinics
H - hardship - often a harsh climate
E - education - little if any
D - disasters, drought, famine, civil war etc


PULL Factors

B - better paid jobs or perceived better job opportunities, factory jobs which are not dependent on the weather
E - education provision is better
P - perception that city life is better
H - More provision of health care



Characteristics of out of town shopping centres - use your case study of Merry Hill and try to suggest reasons for its location under the following points : CAR SPACES

C - cheap land
A - accessibility
R - redeveloped loand
S - sphere of influence
P - parking
A - all weather shopping
C - choice of shops
E - expansion
S - secure

Road transport

Traffic problems

• air and noise pollution
• health problems
• greater demands on car parking
• heavy congestion
• commuter traffic - twice daily build up
• danger to pedestrians
• vehicle vibrations can cause damage to old buildings
• cost of road maintenance
• old buildings cleared to make way for new roads
  
  Solutions
  1. reduce the amount of traffic entering the urban area: - traffic free zones, park and ride schemes (Cambridge, Stratford upon Avon), inner and outer ring roads (Birmingham), bypass, motorways, M6 Toll, congestion charges (London)
  
  2. encouraging people to use public transport: - reliable and frequent bus service, fare reductions (e.g. season tickets), bus only lanes so public transport is faster, installing new rapid - transport systems (Manchester Metro)
  
  3. Reducing air pollution from vehicle exhausts by:- enforcing law on vehicle emissions
  using traffic control methods: traffic lights
  
  Case Study - Birmingham

In Birmingham, there have been major traffic problems in the past, particularly around the main routes into the city centre. In order to tackle this, Birmingham City Council have taken a number of measures. In the North they have turned the A38 into a tidal flow road, which is now known as the Aston Express Way. This allows them to change the number of lanes entering and leaving the city to cope with the rush hour. In addition there is also an urban motorway with up to 8 lanes for traffic to cope with the volume. In the East the Stratford Road is now a red route, which means that there is no stopping allowed along this stretch of road and thus maintains the flow of traffic. The main heart of the CBD around New Street, is pedestrianised with bus lanes all around the edge of the CBD. This allows commuters to reach the centre easily and quickly whilst keeping them safe. To the West of Birmingham a rapid transit system (trams) has been set up running from the Black Country into Snow Hill Station, in the business area of the CBD. This is a park and ride scheme aimed at commuters and runs every 10 minutes during the week. There has been major investment in the public transport network with Travel West Midlands offering integrated timetables linking bus routes with trains. All prices on public transport are kept below £1.00 per journey to encourage people to use it. The road network is well organised with both an outer and inner ring road keeping traffic away from the city centre. In 2003 the M6 Toll Road was opened which takes traffic away from the motorways around the edge of Birmingham in order to reduce pressure and congestion on these roads.

With thanks to Miss West and Rachel

Counter-urbanisation

Definition:
The movement of people out of urban areas (e.g. inner city areas) into a more rural environment (suburbs)

Why do people want to move away from the more urban areas: (PUSH FACTORS)

1. higher density housing
2. little space
3. less room
4. poor quality housing
5. higher crime rates
6. more congestion
7. higher levels of air and noise pollution
8. both shopping and industry are tending to move towards outskirts

Why are people attracted to the more rural areas? (PULL FACTORS)

1. more spacious
2. better quality of housing with more modern amentities, double glazing, detached properties, front and back gardens, garages, utility rooms
3. bigger houses and gardens
4. safer for children
5. less congested
6. improved transport makes commuting possible
7. more attractive environment close at hand
8. new residential estates
9. closer to modern industrial estates set up in rural fringe
10. less air and noise pollution

Effects of out-migration on the more urban areas:

1. less people
2. derelict land as industry moves out
3. elderly and unemployed people left behind
4. loss of 'community spirit
5. older housing becomes more run down, empty houses are boarded up
6. shops close due to less custom
7. less government investment

Effects of in-migration on more rural areas

1. pressure for more new housing development
2. rise in house prices (young cannot afford homes and move away)
3. schools become more overcrowded
4. more pressure on local services - doctors
5. locals swamped by newcomers - friction
6. becomes busier, area looses its charm

Outer Suburbs - Monkspath, Hillfield, Solihull

Advantages:

1. Larger properties could be built due to the lower cost of land.

2. Lower density housing

3. Houses are of better quality with all modern amenities and garages.

4. Best performing schools

5. Less traffic congestion and pollution than the inner city.

6. Closer to the countryside.

7. Close enough to the CBD to commute by car or train. (Widney Manor, Solihull, Dorridge)

8. Access to motorways. (M42 > M6, M40)

Disadvantages

1. Long commuting travel times - risk of accidents and being late for work.

2. Higher costs of journey to work.

3. High cost of housing, young adults unable to afford to buy properties in area where they were brought up

4. Less sense of community spirit as people spend little time at home, separated by fences and hedges.

5. Distance from CBD for shopping and entertainment.

6. Rising number of burglaries.

inner city

1. The zone between CBD and suburbs e.g. Sparkhill

2. Grew during industrial revolution – large number of workers moved from countryside to the towns for jobs in factories and mills which led to a demand for cheap housing close to the place of work

3. High density terraced, back-to-back houses were built in long straight rows

4. Few amenities (no indoor WC, bathroom, sewerage, or electricity, gardens, open space)

5. Good community spirits developed

6. Factory owners and wealthy business people also lived in the more desirable areas of the inner city - but in larger 3/4 storey terraces.

Road pattern

1. Built in long straight rows/parallel roads.

2. Grid layout, narrow roads and pavements.

3. No gardens or garages - on street parking.

Housing and amenities

1. Housing cheap, often poor quality, quickly built; no proper kitchens, bathrooms or central heating (outside toilet).

2. Local services catered for the needs of the people, including corner shops (think BBC's Open All Hours)schools, public houses, churches, libraries and parks.

Advantages:
1. Cheap to acquire

2. Available for rent - accessible for immigrants/the low paid or unemployed.

3. Some areas have seen major improvements - inside bathrooms, double glazing, adding outside features. (Gentrification)

4. Near to CBD - work, shops, entertainment.

5. Strong community feel

Disadvantages

1. Old houses lacking modern amenities and needing substantial repair

2. Surrounded by derelict land when traditional industries declined and factories closed

3. High levels of graffiti and vandalism.

4. Traffic congestion - problems of rat- runs, problems of parking

CBD

The Central Business District is the most accessible part of a town

Characteristics
road and rail routes converge
high land values leading to tall buildings
competition for land
shops, high order, large departmental stores and specialist shops
banks and offices
often central area is pedestrianised
congested with traffic and people