Core - periphery

2005 Explain why the core region is richer than the periphery (3)


The ERDF is one of several ways in which the EU has tried to reduce the differences between the richest and the poorest areas. Other attempted solutions are:

• The Common Agricultural Policy


• European Investment Bank Fund


• Structural Fund

Choose one of these attempted solutions and describe how it tries to reduce the differences between the richest and the poorest areas. (2)

2004 Describe the pattern of GNP per capita as shown on the map (4)

2003 What does fig 6 show about GNP per head and distance from the centre of Europe? (2)

Questions: Channel links

2005 Using Fig 9 describe the main advantages of the Channel Tunnel (4)

For one major port that you have studied, which has sea links between England and Continental Europe, describe its port infrastructure (facilities for handling passengers and cargo) (4)

Questions: Mezzogiorno

2007 Using fig 9 and your own knowledge, describe the difficulties of farming in the Mezzogiorno (6)

2006 Describe recent improvements made in the Mezzogiorno and explain how they have helped to improve the standard of living for farmers (9)

Explain one factor, other than farming, that has led to recent migration into the Mezzogiorno (2)

2005 What is the meaning of the letters IMP? (1)

Give one difference between the use of money from the Cassa and the use of money under the IMP (1)

Suggest why this change has taken place (2)

Explain how physical factors in Southern Italy make farming difficult (4)

How have the changes introduced to farming helped farmers to increase their income (4)

Using figures 13 and 14 and your own knowledge, describe the improvements to farming and to land reform that have taken place in Southern Italy (9)





2004 Describe one way in which land reform has changed farming in the Mezzogiorno (2)



2003

Using the photograph and your own knowledge, describe traditional farming in the Mezzogiorno (6)



Farming in the Mezzogiorno has changed as a result of the work of the Cassa per il Mezzogiorno and, more recently, the Integrated Mediterranean Programme (IMP) Explain how the work of the Cassa and the IMP has improved farming in the Mezzogiorno (6)

Questions: Ganges

2006 Draw a labelled cross section to show the features of a tropical storm (cyclone) (4)

Explain the formation of the Ganges Delta. You may use a diagram (s) in your answer. (6)

you may use a diagram .... but you don't have to in this case!

Using information in Fig 11 and your own knowledge, explain the likely effects of tropical storms in the Ganges Delta (9)

2005
Describe the main physical features of the delta (2)
Explain how the delta has been formed. You may use diagrams to help your answer (6)

Explain how physical factors have encouraged the growth of intensive rice cultivation in the area shown. (4)

2004 Describe how the people who live in the Ganges Delta may be affected by changes in sea level (6)

2003 Describe the tropical monsoon climate (4)

Explain how the tropical monsoon is caused (6)

Explain how a cyclone is formed (3)

Why do many people in the Ganges Delta die as a result of a cyclone? (4)

Describe the farming activity shown in the photograph (2) subsistence rice cultivation

Give 3 physical reasons why the Ganges Delta is a suitable area for growing rice (3)

The Ganges Delta is part of two countries India and Bangladesh. Both these countries have high birthrates and falling death rates. For either India or Bangladesh suggest reasons for the high birth rate. (6)

Give two ways of reducing the damage caused by tropical storms, either in the long term or in the short term (2)

2006 Describe the physical advantages for subsistence rice farming in the Ganges Delta (4)

2006 Explain how the tropical monsoon is caused in summer. (4)

Questions: Global Warming

2007 Explain what is being done to reduce global warming and to manage its consequences (6)

2006 The cutting down of tropical rainforest is one of the reasons for an increasing greenhouse effect around the earth. Explain how it has helped to increase the greenhouse effect. (6)

Sea defences are one way in which the effects of global warming can be managed.

Name two types of sea defence (2)

Choose one type of sea defence and explain how it may reduce the effect of global warming (2)



2005 Name three areas shown on the map which are liable to flooding if the temperature rises (3)


Explain why many areas are in danger of flooding as a result of global warming (4)


Describe the effects of global warming on the people living in one or more of the low-lying areas that you have studied. (4)



2003 The greenhouse effect may be caused by burning fossil fuels and cutting down the rainforests.

How does burning fossil fuels help to cause the greenhouse effect? (2)

How does cutting down the rainforests help to cause the greenhouse effect? (2)

Suggest how the effects of global warming could be reduced. (4)

2004


Explain how global warming can be reduced and how its consequences can be managed. (9)



2004


Explain why the sea level may change as a result of global warming (3)

Questions: Aid

2007 Describe the difference between short-term aid and long-term aid (4)

Suggest one way in which an international aid donor could encourage sustainable development in another country(1)

2006 What is the difference between bilateral aid and multilateral aid? (2)

Many LEDCs are being helped by development projects. Describe the main features of the development project that you have studied and say how the project has helped the local people. (9)

2004 What is meant by each of the following terms: (2)

• Short-term aid
• Voluntary aid

2003 Name each of these types of aid: (2)
1. Aid given by charities

2. Government to government aid, usually with some conditions attached

Suggest why a country has received a large amount of short- term aid (1)

Many LEDCs are being helped by development projects. Describe how a development project in an LEDC you have studied has helped the local people (9)

Questions: Urbanisation, squatter settlements,

2007 Name one large urban area which has experienced rapid population growth in recent years (1)

What is the meaning of the term 'urbanisation'? (2)

Describe the pull factors which help to explain the rapid growth of urban areas in LEDCs (4)

Using fig 14 and your knowledge of a large urban area, describe the conditions that have developed in squatter settlements (9)


2005



Describe the pattern of urban growth as shown in Fig 20 (4)


With reference to India or Bangladesh, explain how push and pull factors are responsible for rapid urban growth. (4)


The rapid growth of some of these cities has led to the development of squatter settlements. What is the meaning of the trem 'squatter settlement'? (1)


With the aid of Fig 21 and your own knowledge, describe how conditions in a squatter settlement may improve over time (4)


Describe the main features of a development project in an LEDC that you have studied. (6)


2004



Suggest two push reasons why people in LEDCs leave the countryside and move to cities (2)


Many people who live in squatter settlements work in the informal sector of the economy. Give one example of a job that may be found in the informal sector of the economy (1)

2004 Describe the pattern of urban population as shown by Fig 12 (6)

2003 Describe three features of a squatter settlement (3)

Describe two ways of improving conditions in squatter settlements (4)

Questions: Amazonia

2007 Explain the features of the temperature of Amazonia as shown in Fig 11 (4)

Traditional farming in Amazonia is a type of subsistence farming called 'shifting cultivation' (slash and burn). Explain why shifting cultivation is an example of sustainable development (2)

Describe the ways in which recent developments in Amazonia have affected the environment and the people in this part of Brazil (9)

2004 Describe and explain the main features of the equatorial climate (6)

Annotate figure 9 to show three ways in which the vegetation has adapted to the climate and soil conditions (6)

Describe traditional shifting cultivation in Amazonia (6)

How has the environment and that of the surrounding area been affected by large open cast mining? (4) note: this question is asking for local effects NOT global effects.

Recently ecotourism has become popular in Amazonia. With the help of Fig 11, explain why the holiday advertised could be described as an ecotourism holiday (6)

Questions: Rotterdam

2007 Explain why Rotterdam is considered to be part of the core of the European Union (4)

There are several planning issues in the Rotterdam / Europoort conurbation. Describe what has been done to solve this planning issue (6)

2006 A conurbation has many functions. What is the meaning of the term 'function'? (1)


2005 Map (4)

List three different functions of the Rotterdam / Europoort Conurbation (3)

2004 Draw a labelled sketch map to show the location of Rotterdam / Europoort (4)

List three of its important functions (3)

Questions: Mediterranean Spain

2007 Name one of the Balearic islands (1)


Give one climatic factor which has led to the growth of tourism in Mediterranean Spain (1)


Explain the problems and benefits that tourism has brought to the economy of Mediterranean Spain (9)





2006 Describe the main features of the Mediterranean climate (4)


Why is the Mediterranean climate attractive to tourists from Northern Europe? (4)




Explain the environmental problems linked with large hotel complexes in Mediterranean Spain. (6)



2003

Name a major tourist area in Mediterranean Spain (1)



What are the climatic attractions referred to in Fig 11 (3) what is it about the climate that attracts tourists?



What are the 'other' reasons referred to in Fig 11 (3) what factors, other than the climate, attracts tourists to Mediterranean Spain?

How might the environment be damaged by tourists visiting Mediterranean Spain? (6)

Questions: Japan

2007 Name one Japanese TNC which produces motor vehicles (1)


Explain why some Japanese TNCs are investing in the EU (4)


Using Fig 12 and fig 12b, compare the distribution of the Japanese motor vehicle industry with that of the Japanese electronics industry (4)


hint: in a question that asks you to compare, you must state similarities AND differences.



2005 Describe the distribution of the Japanese electronics industry. (2)

Explain the distribution of the Japanese electronics industry (6)

Using one or more named locations, describe the ways in which the Japanese have attempted to reduce industrial pollution (6)

2007 With reference to a named area (s), explain how the environment of Japan has been polluted by industrial production

2006
Japan has many transnational corporations (TNCs). What is the meaning of the term 'transnational corporation'? (2)

Some Japanese motor vehicles and electronics companies have invested in overseas countries. Give two reasons why the Japanese have invested outside Japan. (2)

2003 Give two reasons why the coastal areas of Japan have a high population density (4)

2003 Japan has many trans- national corporations. Give 2 reasons why Japanese TNCs want to set up factories in the European Union (4)

Urban model answer from Mrs Royston

2007, P1,Q5 Study Figure 8, on the insert, which shows an area of Stoke-on-Trent before and after improvement. Suggest why this urban renewal scheme has advantages over a comprehensive redevelopment scheme (4)

Level 1 (Basic) 1-2 marks
Simple statements, with lifts from Figure 8, or with no indication of why the scheme in Stoke-on-Trent is better than comprehensive redevelopment.
The area has been landscaped and there are places for the toddlers to play. Roads have been improved. Renovation is cheaper.

Level 2 (Clear) 3-4 marks
Linked statements, which show how urban renewal is better than slum
clearance.
With comprehensive redevelopment people would have to be moved away from the area where they had lived for a long time and there would be a loss of community spirit. With urban renewal however, people could stay in the area and the houses would have been modernised and improved for example with new bathroom facilities or new roofs. The general environment is also improved making it a more pleasant area in which to live for example ‘green’ areas are provided through landscaping and play areas are provided for young children. (4 marks)


Why can gentrification be considered a disadvantage to some people living in inner city areas? (1 mark)

•The price of houses would go up and the local people may not be able to buy in the area any more.
•There may be some change of service provision in the area e.g. a pub might become a wine bar.
•These changes might lead to social divisions within the area.


Name the large urban area you have studied. Compare your chosen large urban area with the model in Figure 2 (Burgess concentric zones model). You must refer to examples of streets / districts in your answer. (4 marks)

Level 1 Basic (1-2 marks)
No reference to named example or basic description of the area with no reference to the model.
New Street, Colmore Row and Broad Street are in the centre of Birmingham. The next areas are Highgate and Sparkhill and then come Hall Green. The furthest out is Monkspath. In the centre are shops and offices. Then come poor housing and nearer the edge are better class housing.

Level 2 Clear (3-4 marks)
Some indication of where the urban morphology fits or does not fit perfectly into the simple concentric model of Figure 2. Need to refer to at least 2 urban zones for full marks. Maximum mark only if some comparison made to urban model.
Birmingham is an example of a city that generally fits into the concentric zone model. The CBD is found in the centre of the city and has all the typical features of a CBD. New Street is the centre of the retail area, Colmore Row is the main financial area and Broad Street is one of the main entertainment areas in the CBD. Birmingham’s CBD is surrounded by the Inner City areas as identified in the model. Highgate is an inner city area that had been redeveloped and there is now a mixture of both industry and lower quality housing. Sparkhill is another inner city area although this area is more traditional with rows of 19th century terraced housing that have now been improved and gentrified. One area that does not fit the circular model is Edgbaston/ Harborne. This area is close to the CBD however is chararcterised by expensive 19th housing that was originally owned by industrialists. The houses tend to be large detached houses. Housing is newer as you move outwards, for example the outer suburb of Monkspath is newer than the inner suburb of Hall Green. Monkspath is dominated mostly by modern, high class detached and semi detached housing and Hall Green is characterised by interwar semi detached housing. Another area that does not fit the concentric model is Chelmsley Wood. This is a housing estate found on the edge of the city.

Population model answers from Mrs Royston

With reference to Brazil or India or Bangladesh, explain how push and pull factors are responsible for rapid urban growth (4)

Level 1 Basic (1-2 marks)
•Simple statements are made.
•There are more jobs and more medical facilities etc in cities so people move there.
•Natural disasters and infertile soils in the countryside cause people to move to the cities.

Level 2 Clear (3-4 marks)
•Need both push and pull factor(s). For full marks there needs to be some evidence that the candidate recognises that the question asks for reference to a specific country.
•People move from rural areas due to push factors, for example, the floods in Bangladesh cause loss of food and this means that people in the countryside move to the urban areas of Calcutta or Dhaka. The pull factors from these urban areas also include the expectation of more varied and regular work with higher pay, improved housing and sanitation and more hospitals and doctors.

Glaciation model answers from Mr Nailor

1. Name two processes that contribute to glacial erosion and describe how each one takes place.

1. ABRASION. As a glacier moves, the rocks frozen into its base and sides scratch the valley bottom and sides and wear (erode) it. It has a sandpaper effect so the eroded rock looks smooth.
2. PLUCKING. When a glacier is not moving it tends to freeze itself to the valley sides. If the glacier then starts to move it will tear lumps of rock out of the valley sides. This happens a lot at the backwall (headwall) of the glacier.


3. Ribbon lakes(finger lakes) are often found on the floor of a U-shaped valley (glacial trough). Describe three ways in which a ribbon lake is formed.

1. If a valley floor contains both hard and soft rocks the glacier will erode deeper into the softer rock. This eroded hollow may the fill with water to create a lake.
2. Where a tributary glacier joins a main valley glacier the extra weight of ice will erode downwards more at this point. This deeper hollow may then fill with water to create a lake.
3. When a glacier reaches lower ground it will start to melt in the higher temperatures. As it melts it deposits rock debris contained in the ice. This deposited rock forms a bank of rock called a terminal moraine across the valley floor. This can act as a dam and a lake can form behind it.

new industry model answers from Mr Nailor

1.Manufacturing can be described as a system, involving inputs, processes and outputs. Define the terms inputs, processes and outputs, giving examples of each.

INPUTS. These are the factors which are put into the industry e.g. raw materials, fuel, labour and transport.
PROCESSES. These are the jobs done with the inputs e.g. processing of materials, assembling parts and packaging the finished item.
OUTPUTS. These are the finished products e.g computers, cars, clothes and chemicals.

2. Explain why hi-tech industry has grown up along the M4 corridor.

This industry has developed in places like Bristol and Reading on the M4. Land here is cheaper than in London further to the east, but access to London is easy and fast. Some of the products are exported by air so closeness to Heathrow airport on the western side of London is important. There are fast road links for deliveries to other parts of Britain via the M4,M5,M40,M25 and M3. Hi –tech products are light and easily/cheaply transported by road. Bristol and Reading are university towns which can supply skilled workers and undertake research and development of new products.

Monsoon

1996
May-October is the wet season. Briefly explain what causes the wet season. (4 marks)

Between May and October the sun moves overhead between the equator and the Tropic of Cancer. The high angle of the sun in the sky causes the land mass of Asia to heat up and temperatures to rise. This warm air rises due to convection and creates a low pressure area over Northern India. Air always moves from high pressure to low pressure areas and so consequently winds blow onshore from the high pressure area centred over Australia. These S/ SW winds are funnelled up the Bay of Bengal and so pick up water vapour and this creates the wet summer monsoon season.

2003 Q3aiii Explain how the tropical monsoon is caused (6 marks)

The sun is overhead at the Tropic of Cancer in June and this causes high temperatures. The intense heat of the sun causes warm air to rise and low pressure to develop. As winds blow from high pressure to low pressure air is drawn into Bangladesh from the high pressure system to the south causing south-westerly winds to blow in from the Bay of Bengal. These onshore winds pick up moisture and consequently bring the summer monsoon rains.
In winter the sun is overhead at the Tropic of Capricorn. This means that it is at a lower angle in the sky and the land is cooler over the continent of Asia. Cold sinking air forms a high pressure system over Bangladesh and now winds blow off shore towards the high pressure system to the south over the Indian Ocean. These north-easterly winds are cold and dry.

Ganges Delta

Describe the main physical features of a delta and explain how they are formed. You may use labelled diagrams if you wish. (5 marks)


Main physical features of the delta:
Triangular shape
Low lying marshy land
Many distributaries
Banks of sediment

Deforestation which causes soil erosion, and erosion of the highland areas of the Himalayas provides a lot of material which is transported downstream by the River Ganges and its many tributaries. The river slows down as it approaches the sea and, as its current is checked by the sea, it begins to deposit its load of silt. These deposits build up because the sea has a small tidal range and a weak current. This means that the rate at which the river is depositing sediment is greater than the rate at which the tide can remove the material. The river channel becomes choked with the sediment causing the river to split into many channels called distributaries which flow round the banks of sediment. Eventually these banks may become colonised by marsh plants. Gradually the delta is extends out into the coastal waters of the Bay of Bengal.